Brain Failure: A Plan of Attack

www.perpetualcommotion.com
"Give with a free hand, but give only your own."
-- J.R.R. Tolkien The Children of Hurin
References

    Table of Contents
       Official Web sites
       General Information

       Aluminum (Aluminosilicates)
       Iron

       McDougall
       McLachlan
       Mirkin
       Richardson

       Herbs & Vitamins
           Cilantro
           Curcumin (Turmeric)
           Folic Acid (Folacin)
           Ginkgo Biloba
           Phytic Acid (Inositol Hexakisphosphate, InsP6)
           Inositol (Inositol, myo-, scyllo-)
           Soy

       Natural Blood Thinners

       Alzheimer's Disease Treatment & Prevention
           CogniShunt

       Chelation Therapy

       AD Drugs
           EDTA(EthyleneDiamineTetraAcetic Acid)
           Deferasirox (Exjade, Novartis), desferal, or desferioxamine or desferrioxamine
           Clioquinol
           Statins

       AD Research
           "Globulomer"
           Rasagiline & TV3326 (ladostigil)

       AD Cause Speculation

       Heart Disease & Arterial Sclerosis
       Stroke
       Vascular Dementia
       Internet Links
       References (page 2)

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Home Preface Brain Failure Notes Nutritional Alternatives References pg. 1 References pg. 2
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"Official Web sites":

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General Information:

"People with Alzheimer's disease have abnormal clumps (amyloid plaques) and tangled bundles of fibers (neurofibrillary tangles) in their brains. Nerve cells are lost in areas of the brain that are vital to memory and other mental abilities. There also are lower levels of chemicals in the brain that carry complex messages back and forth between nerve cells (neurotransmitters). Alzheimers may disrupt normal thinking and memory by blocking messages between nerve cells."

[Typical "official" introduction]
[Not necessarily so. See Dr. Mirkin & Dr. McDougall and the "Kentucky Nuns Study"]
http://www.connecticutcenterforhealth.com/alzheimers.html

"There is a tragedy looming within Australia's ageing population. As more and more Australians join the ranks of the elderly, more and more will be affected by the burden of dementia... personally and through connections with loved ones. This is the story of a maverick Australian scientist whose theory about Alzheimer's has led to a breakthrough in understanding and a potential new treatment for the disease."
http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1134238.htm

[Interesting info from someone calling herself "Moondragon"

- AD intro [typical of intros]

"Other disorders can cause symptoms similar to those of Alzheimer's disease. Dementia may result from arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) that slowly cuts off the supply of blood to the brain. The death of brain tissue from a series of minor strokes, or from pressure exerted by an accumulation of fluid in the brain, may cause damage. The presence of small blood clots in vessels that supply the brain, a brain tumor, hypothyroidism, and advanced syphilis can all cause symptoms similar to those of Alzheimer's."

-Some interesting speculation as to nutritional and toxic causes
-Aluminum
-Zinc deficinency
-Mercury
-Immune response

[With regard to AD being the result of an immune response, could it be that the statin drugs, which are known to also reduce inflamation are supressing some sort of response by the immune system, and that is why they show positive effects on AD?]
http://www.moondragon.org/health/disorders/alzheimers.html

Are You at Risk of Alzheimer's?

"Alzheimer’s disease begins to damage the brain years before symptoms appear. Why pathological changes occur in the brain leading to such profound damage is not clear. Risk factors are things that increase your chances of developing Alzheimer's disease. Some are preventable, such as exercise, some not, for example genetic factors and age."

"Lets look at some risk factors for Alzheimer's disease..."

[Typical AD info. Not sure if it represents the latest ideas.]
http://alzheimers.about.com/od/diagnosisissues/a/alz_risk_factor.htm

Misdiagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

"Because AD is so well-known, it is sometimes an over-diagnosed condition. Other causes of dementia or memory loss symptoms may be overlooked. Other possible diagnoses include normal aging (if very mild symptoms), emotional
problems (such as grief), fatigue, depression, and certain physical medical conditions such as thyroid disease, brain tumors, multi-infarct disease, or Huntington's disease. In its early stages, a correct diagnosis of AD can also be overlooked itself and misdiagnosed as other conditions such as depression, dementia, simple forgetfulness, or senility."
http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/a/alzheimers_disease/misdiag.htm

What are the risk factors for dementia?
While there is still much to learn about the brain, researchers have highlighted some important factors that affect our risk of developing different types of dementia. Most researchers now believe that our risk of developing dementia depends upon a combination of genetic and environmental factors. We are all at some risk of developing dementia, but
some of us more than others. A person who has some of the risk factors for dementia will not necessarily go on to develop the condition. And avoiding risk factors does not guarantee that you will be healthy, although it makes this more likely.
http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/Facts_about_dementia/Risk_factors/info_amIatrisk.htm

Is it Alzheimer's disease or something else?
10 disorders that may feature impaired memory and cognition
Anna M. Barrett, MD

VOL 117 / NO 5 / MAY 2005 / POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE
http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2005/05_05/barrett.htm

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Aluminum:
Would decreased aluminum ingestion reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease?

D. R. McLachlan, T. P. Kruck, W. J. Lukiw and S. S. Krishnan
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol 145, Issue 7 793-804
http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/145/7/793?ijkey=081a09c7510999dd7673698216156e4e81449c1d&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Alzheimer's Disease: A Treatment Strategy
"I wrote this paper for my dad, who may have Alzheimer's Disease. It is the result of about 100 hrs work on medline and at the biomedical library."
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/ageing/1995-January/001003.html

2.4. Aluminum chelation therapy

"The potential therapeutic capacity of chelation of aluminum for AD was demonstrated [50].     A low dose of the injectable desferrioxamine was used to re- move about a third of the aluminum (from 4.09 ug/g to 2.69 ug/g) from the brains of elderly AD patients over two years.   The trial slowed the disease process for the entire group by an average of 50 percent. Some good responder patients were benefited for up to five years [51]. Deaths mostly from pneumonia were dra- matically reduced from 9 in the untreated group to only 1 in the treatment group."

[Discusses oral chelation therapy]
http://www.deptplanetearth.com/pub/jad3jansson_p7.html

ALUMINUM AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: CONTRADICTION AND PARADOX

SUMMARY

"The Aluminum Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease began in 1965 with the demonstration that aluminum salts injected into the rabbit brain induced neurofibrillary tangles. Since this initial report, there has been considerable basic, clinical and epidemiological research conducted to evaluate the biological plausibility of aluminum’s purported etiological role in Alzheimer’s disease. Presently there is a widespread belief among the general public that aluminum plays some role in Alzheimer’s while, in contrast, a dwindling number of scientists continue to explore the link between this metal and the development of this disease. The present paper reviews the scientific literature concerning the Aluminum Hypothesis and discusses the possible reason for the general lack of interest in the Aluminum Hypothesis among mainstream scientists."
http://www.world-aluminium.org/news/montreal/lidsky.htm http://drcranton.com/chelation/EDTA_Mysteries.htm

Aluminosilicate Precipitation and Alzheimer's Disease

"The epidemiological features of both diseases can be explained using the hypothesis that the initiating factor is the precipitation of aluminosilicates in the brain. The combination of solubilized aluminum and the only water-soluble form of silicon, silicic acid, to form insoluble aluminosilicates is a peculiar and unique reaction in inorganic chemistry. An evaluation of the uptake and distribution of these compounds provides an explanation for the development of plaques and tangles and a rationale for the findings of the collective epidemiological studies."
http://www.alzforum.org/res/adh/cur/meyer/default.asp

Aluminium and the pathogenesis of senile plaques: studies in Alzheimer's disease and chronic renal failure
J. A. Edwardson1 and J. M. Candy1

(1) MRC Neurochemical Pathology Unit, Newcastle General Hospital, NE4 6BE Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

"Abstract Aluminium and silicon are co-localised as aluminosilicate at the centre of the senile plaque core. These focal deposits appear to be a consistent and specific feature associated with A4 amyloid fibrils in the plaque core and are not associated with other types of amyloidosis. A pathogenic role for AI and Si is suggested by the finding of A4 amyloid deposits, immature senile plaques and an abnormal content and distribution of these elements in the brains of patients (<55 years) with chronic renal failure. Evidence suggests that AI uptake and distribution within the brain is mediated by transferrin. The distribution of transferrin receptors may account for the vulnerability of regions such as the hippocampus and cortex which are selectively involved in Alzheimer's disease."
http://www.springerlink.com/(i4qyhi45tnr5jyyi0ojlpbmx)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,17,27;journal,63,101;linkingpublicationresults,1:100162,1

Aluminum neurotoxicity in mammals
H. M. Wisniewski1, R. C. Moretz1, J. A. Sturman2, 1, G. Y. Wen1 and J. W.
Shek1

(1) Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Departments of Pathological Neurobiology, New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, USA
(2) Developmental Biochemistry, 1050 Forest Hill Road, 10314 Staten Island, New York, USA

Abstract
"Although aluminum comprises a large percentage of the Earth's crust, it is excluded from body tissues, and especially from the central nervous system. When aluminum is experimentally introduced to the central nervous system, several neurotoxic effects are observed:i.e. neurofibrillary changes, behavioral and cognitive deficits and enzymatic and neurotransmitter changes, as well as certain types of epileptic seizures."
"The localization of relatively high levels of aluminum in Alzheimer disease, Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia has led to the implication of aluminum as a pathogenic factor in these diseases. Recent studies have shown that microtubule-associated proteins are part of the paired helical filaments which make up the intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangle. Other studies have identified the protein making the vascular and neuritic (senile) plaque amyloid and located the gene responsible for this protein to chromosome 21."
"Our electron microprobe analysis studies have not found the levels of aluminum or silicon in either the neurofibrillary tangles or amyloid cores reported elsewhere, nor have the levels of aluminum been elevated in approximately one half of the tangles and plaque cores examined to date."
http://www.springerlink.com/(watzas55ogiewy55llfqhl45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,20,27;journal,63,101;linkingpublicationresults,1:100162,1

Precipitation and characterization of an aluminosilicate from
AlCl3-Na2SiO3-HCl in serum, of interest for Alzheimer disease.

Bilinski H, Horvath L, Trbojevic-Cepe M.

Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.

"A precipitation experiment was performed with human serum to model aluminosilicate formation in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. Aluminum and (or) silicate ions were added to serum in a 1:2 molar ratio at pH 7.4. Precipitates formed immediately and were left for 24 h at 37 degrees C before filtration. Silicate and aluminosilicate formed
precipitates with human serum proteins albumin, transferrin, and IgG. In untreated samples, the IgG/albumin ratio increased slightly compared with the ratio in dried serum. Diethylbarbiturate-washed precipitates had a
significantly lower protein content than did untreated ones. The IgG/albumin ratio increased considerably in the sample containing aluminosilicate. We conclude that IgG is the sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble human protein most firmly bound to the aluminosilicate matrix. From 27Al magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), a pronounced peak was found at 52.79 ppm and a minor peak at 0.53 ppm, suggesting that 4-coordinated aluminum predominates and that
6-coordinated aluminum is present in a smaller proportion. The 29Si MAS NMR spectrum shows a poorly ordered structure. The aluminosilicate formed also contains the cations Na+ > K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ and anions Cl- > PO4(3-). Rather than looking for aluminum toxicity to explain the effects of Alzheimer disease, one should consider that by precipitating such a composite phase, the balance of cations, anions, and proteins in human serum is changing."

PMID: 1394986 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1394986&dopt=Abstract

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Iron:

See also IP6,Curcumin

Iron metabolism in Parkinsonian syndromes
Mov Disord. 2006 Sep;21(9):1299-310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=16817199&cmd=showdetailview

Berg D, Hochstrasser H.
Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Germany.
from the abstract...

"Growing evidence suggests an involvement of iron in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Several of the diseases are associated with parkinsonian syndromes, induced by degeneration of basal ganglia regions that contain the highest amount of iron within the brain. The group of neurodegenerative disorders associated with parkinsonian syndromes with increased brain iron content can be devided into two groups: (1) parkinsonian syndromes associated with brain iron accumulation, including Parkinson's disease, diffuse Lewy body disease, parkinsonian type of multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, and Westphal variant of Huntington's disease; and (2) monogenetically caused disturbances of brain iron metabolism associated with parkinsonian syndromes, including aceruloplasminemia, hereditary ferritinopathies affecting the basal ganglia, and panthotenate kinase associated neurodegeneration type 2. Although it is still a matter of debate whether iron accumulation is a primary cause or secondary event in the first group, there is no doubt that iron-induced oxidative stress contributes to neurodegeneration. Parallels concerning pathophysiological as well as clinical aspects can be drawn between disorders of both groups. Results from animal models and reduction of iron overload combined with at least partial relief of symptoms by application of iron chelators in patients of the second group give hope that targeting the iron overload might be one possibility to slow down the neurodegenerative cascade also in the first group of inevitably progressive neurodegenerative disorders."

Live Discussion: Hemochromatosis as a Factor in AD
http://www.alzforum.org/res/for/journal/milward/default.asp

The Integrated Role of Desferrioxamine and Phenserine Targeted to an Iron-Responsive Element in the APP-mRNA 5'-Untranslated Region
AMANDA VENTIa, TONY GIORDANOb, PAUL EDERa, ASHLEY I. BUSHa, DEBOMOY K. LAHIRIc, NIGEL H. GREIGd and JACK T. ROGERSa
http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/1035/1/34

Iron: Too Much of a Good Thing

"Recent studies reveal that blood donors exhibit lower rates of many diseases and experience better than average health. Additionally, the centuries-old practice of bloodletting is being revived as a treatment for disorders such as heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer's.1 Why would blood reduction improve health parameters? In part, because blood removal helps to control circulating iron levels."
http://www.chiro.org/nutrition/FULL/Iron_Too_Much_of_a_Good_Thing.html

Is hemochromatosis a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

"Excess iron accumulation in the brain is a consistent observation in Alzheimer's Disease. Iron affects amyloid precursor protein (AbetaPP) processing and promotes deposition of Abeta. Iron is also among the most potent biological toxins because of its ability to react with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12214033&dopt=Abstract

Preliminary evaluation of nanoscale biogenic magnetite in Alzheimer’s disease brain tissue

"Elevated iron levels are associated with many types of neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. However, these elevated iron levels do not necessarily correlate with elevated levels of the iron storage or transport proteins, ferritin and transferrin. As such, little is known about the form of this excess iron. It has recently been proposed that some of the excess iron in neurodegenerative tissue may be in the form of the magnetic iron oxide magnetite (Fe3O4). We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, using highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, that the concentrations of magnetite are found to be significantly higher in three samples of Alzheimer’s disease tissue than in three age- and sex-matched controls. These results have implications, not only for disease progression, but also for possible early diagnosis."
[The link is to a PDF document]
http://www.pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/biology_letters/dobson.pdf

IRON OVERLOAD - THE MISSED DIAGNOSIS

"Physicians were more interested in anaemias and low iron deficiency and did not really perform the necessary tests of iron metabolism to diagnose the opposite end of the spectrum - iron overload. He described conditions directly related to excess iron in the body such as arthritis, diabetes, psychiatric illness, and liver disease."

"Dr. Richardson, Chief of Psychiatry at the University of Saskatchewan feels the major cause of Alzheimer's Disease is excess brain iron levels. So as liver iron builds up, brain iron levels build up. Dr. McLachlan at the University of Toronto Dementia Clinic showed that aluminum was the cause of Alzheimer's Disease (D.R.C. McLachlan et al. Desferroxamine. Lancet, June 1991). He is using an iron chelator called deferoxamine to treat Alzheimer's Disease and his results are probably better than any other treatment program for Alzheimer's. He stated that the drug arrests the disease. Dr. Richardson and Dr. McLachlan have been arguing, "Is it the iron, or is it the aluminum?" The same medication lowered both. It is my feeling that iron is a far greater risk in this condition than is aluminum."
http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles/display.cfm?ID=19990303140150

"Although iron deficiency is most commonly linked with anemia, iron is also a component of many enzymes. The iron associated with hemoglobin is referred to as heme iron; all other sources are non-heme. "Heme iron is much better absorbed than non-heme iron," notes Hunt. "The absorption of non-heme iron is substantially influenced by other things that you eat in the same meal. For instance, ascorbic acid can increase iron absorption by two to four times." She adds that the phytic acid found in plant sources "tends to bind the minerals and make them less soluble, so they pass through the gut instead of being absorbed." She recommends freeing-up the iron with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) or using a chelating agent such as EDTA to avoid binding the iron."

[Ooops! Vitamin C increases iron absorption?]
http://www.foodproductdesign.com/current/1105HN.html

Magnetic crystals in brain linked to Alzheimer's

"Tiny magnetic iron crystals in the brain may be linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease, suggests preliminary research."

"Dobson says it has been known for 50 years that there is an association between excess iron and Alzheimer's disease, but that scientists had been baffled by the form in which this iron occurs."
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3611

Scan to reveal brain disease clue

"Scientists say it will help to pin down the role of iron and other metals in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease."
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4184417.stm

Dr. Cathy W. Levenson
Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1993
Hazel K. Stiebeling Professor of Nutrition, Food and
Exercise Science & Neuroscience

"Apoptosis, or programmed cell death is responsible for neuronal death after traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, stroke, and seizures. It also clearly plays a role in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease. The Levenson lab is currently exploring the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for neuronal proliferation, survival, and apoptosis, with a particular focus on the role of the metals copper, zinc, and iron."
http://www.neuro.fsu.edu/faculty/levenson/main.html

The book The Iron Time-Bomb by Bill Sardi is available for $7.95 exclusively from Purity Products, one maker of IP-6, a derivative of rice bran.
http://www.lloydwright.org/2005/Hepatitis-C/articles/Dangers_of_Iron_to_Patients_with_Hepatitis_C.htm

A[beta] Metallobiology and the Development of Novel Metal-Protein Attenuating
Compounds (MPACs) for Alzheimer's Disease
Cyril C. Curtain1, Kevin J. Barnham1 and Ashley I. Bush

"Abstract: Over a decade of studies have pointed to metal mediated neural oxidative damage as an attractive target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Because of the nature of the blood brain barrier, systemic depletion of the metals, copper, zinc and possibly iron, is not a viable approach. However preliminary studies with CQ, a blood brain barrier penetrating chelating agent, are showing promise. CQ probably works by combining with the metal centres, primarily copper and zinc complexes of A[beta], in the neuropil. This review discusses some of the background that resulted in CQ becoming a lead compound and how we might advance our understanding of its action"
http://www.alzforum.org/res/for/journal/allsop/bush.pdf

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McDougall:
Alzheimer’s Disease Can Be Safely Prevented and Treated Now

"...practical steps that are already known to stop this disease – specifically, a healthful diet and avoidance of the consumption of the toxic metal, aluminum. However, as you have witnessed, even with diseases that are well-established to be caused by diet, like heart disease, obesity, type-2 diabetes, and many common cancers, controversy abounds – not because data from scientific research fail to provide safe and effective behaviors for us to follow, but because money and politics rule, and just as important, people defend their own dinner plates."
http://www.nealhendrickson.com/mcdougall/2004nl/040600alheimerpf.htm

Cleaning Out Your Arteries

"These deadly lesions, referred to as “fatty plaques,” are soft and filled with white blood cells (pus cells) and necrotic (dead) materials. In your mind you can accurately picture these volatile plaques as “sores” or “pustules lining the artery walls.” Fortunately, these young plaques are also the easiest and fastest component of the artery disease to heal (reverse). Therefore, within days, if not hours, of taking corrective actions (a healthy diet and judicious use of medications) you dramatically reduce your risk of a tragedy, like a heart attack or stroke."
http://www.nealhendrickson.com/mcdougall/030600ArteryClosurePF.htm

Vegetable Fat as Medicine

"Now, in the 1990s leading health experts are advising us to liberally use olive oil, a monounsaturated fat, and the polyunsaturated omega-3 fats, like fish and flaxseed oils. These oils are touted as miracle tonics able to relieve suffering from arthritis to cancer. Have we finally got the right message on the use of oils? The truth is there can be some benefits, but like the margarine and corn oils recommended with impunity in the past, these oils also have serious drawbacks."
http://www.drmcdougall.com/res_vegetable_fat_med.html

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McLachlan:

36) McLachlan DR, Dalton AJ, Kruck TP, Bell MY, Smith WL, Kalow W, Andrews DF. Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1991 Jun 1;337(8753):1304-8.

37) McLachlan DR, Smith WL, Kruck TP. Desferrioxamine and Alzheimer's disease: video home behavior assessment of clinical course and measures of brain aluminum.
Ther Drug Monit. 1993 Dec;15(6):602-7.

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Mirkin:

G101 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Gabe Mirkin, M.D.

"The most common cause of senility in North America is Alzheimer's disease, a horrible condition in which a person loses his capacity to reason, think, recognize and function. A study in the New England Journal of Medicine shows that people who have high blood levels of a protein called homocysteine are the ones most likely to suffer Alzheimer's disease(1)."
http://www.drmirkin.com/morehealth/G101.htm

2985 ANTIBIOTICS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
Gabe Mirkin, M.D.

"Dr. Mark Loeb, associate professor at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, presented a study in San Diego at the meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (10/9/03) to show that antibiotics may slow brain damage caused by Alzheimer's disease. Patients on two antibiotics, doxycycline and rifampin, for three months had significantly less loss of mental function than those given placebos."
http://www.drmirkin.com/morehealth/2985.html

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Richardson:
Free radicals in the genesis of Alzheimer's disease
J. S. Richardson
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.

"As part of an ongoing investigation of the role of oxygen free radicals in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the formation of peroxidation products, the activities of free radical defense enzymes, and the level of total iron were determined in autopsy brain tissue from donors with AD and from age-matched non-demented donors."
[Is this the "Dr. Richardson" cited by http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles/display.cfm?ID=19990303140150 ? If so, they got his title wrong!]
[Seems as though chelation therapy with EDTA depletes excess iron as well as other metals. Perhaps this is the reason why chelation therapists have noticed an improvement in their patients who suffer from AD. Aluminum might be, as someone put it, "an innocent bystander".]
http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/695/1/73

[An interesting Google search on on-line articles referencing the above. Hopefully the link works.]
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=link:http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annalsnyas.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F695%2F1%2F73

[Other papers by Richardson]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=PubMed&term=Richardson+%22University+of+Saskatchewan%22+Alzheimer%27s&tool=QuerySuggestion
"Cerebral microischemia as a potential precipitant of the neurodegenerative cascade of Alzheimer's disease."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9329719&dopt=Abstract

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Herbs & Vitamins:
    See also...
               Cilantro
    Natural Blood Thinners
    Curcumin (turmeric extract)
    Cinnamon

Vitamins C and E May Protect Against Mental Decline

"We believe antioxidants like vitamins C and E may protect against vascular dementia by limiting the amount of brain damage that persists after a stroke," said study author Kamal Masaki, MD, of the University of Hawaii in Honolulu. "The supplements may also play a role in providing protection against brain cell and membrane injury involved in many aging-related diseases, thus resulting in significantly higher scores on mental performance tests in later life."
http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/954383616.html
Why Herbs Work

"Herbal medicines have been used by every human society to treat one ailment or another, and archeologists have even discovered remnants of herbal remedies in 60,000-year-old Neanderthal burial sites. But for most of the 20th century, American physicians-enamored by synthetic drugs and influenced by pharmaceutical advertising-have been quick to dismiss herbs as crude and unproven folk remedies."
http://www.thenutritionreporter.com/why_herbs_work.html

Red Grapefruit Appears To Lower Cholesterol, Fight Heart Disease

"A grapefruit a day — particularly the red variety — can help keep heart disease at bay, according to a new study by Israeli researchers. In a controlled study group of patients with heart disease, the scientists found that feeding some patients the equivalent of one grapefruit daily significantly reduced levels of cholesterol in comparison to patients that did not eat grapefruit."
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/02/060213091300.htm

Chinese Herb May Help Vascular Dementia

"An extract from the root of an oriental orchid may help some patients with mild vascular dementia."
http://www.webmd.com/content/Article/66/79772

A Green Path to Healing & Rejuvenation
by Gabriel Cousens, M.D.

"AFA, among the more popular blue-green algae, seems to have a prana or energetic force for amplifying the function and energy of the mind and nervous system. It seems to activate neurotransmitter systems that help many people overcome depression; improve mental clarity, concentration and stamina, create a sense of joy, and enhance right-brain creativity. In my research of auricular acupuncture, the AFA specifically enhances pineal, pituitary, and hypothalamic function. Aside from hypothalamic glandular extracts, it is the only substance I know of that specifically enhances hypothalamic function. This is good news for vegetarians. I have seen it significantly help a few people with Alzheimer's disease and autism, as well as function as a brain-mind tonic for the general public."
http://www.algae-world.com/algae82.html

[look up co-enzyme Q10]
http://www.spectracell.com/research/nutrition/about_micro.html

Graviola is a fruit tree native to North and South America and the
Caribbean, where it is known by such names as Paw-Paw, Soursop, and
Guanabana. The species native to South America is the Guanabana tree, and
it is prized for its fruit, which is used in drinks, ice cream, and
marmalades.

[Source of scyllitol?]
http://www.amazonnaturalherbs.com/graviola.htm

Melatonin May Halt the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
By Darin Ingels, ND

"Healthnotes Newswire (December 20, 2001)—The hormone melatonin may block key steps in the development of harmful protein deposition in the brain that leads to Alzheimer’s disease, according to a new report in Biochemistry.1 Although the cause of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown, it appears that people with this disease produce a precursor protein (Ab peptide) in the brain that is transformed into amyloid, a larger protein mass that contributes to the symptoms associated with this condition. Previously published studies indicate that inheritance of a cell marker called apolipoprotein E4 (Apo E4) increases the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease as it binds to the precursor protein and facilitates the production of amyloid.2 This current study indicates that melatonin, in the presence of Apo E4, inhibits amyloid formation and thereby possibly slows or halts the progression of Alzheimer’s disease."
http://www.healthnotes.com/online/Back_issues/newswire_2001_12_20_3.htm

Acetyl-L-Carnitine:

"... Several double blind clinical trials suggest that
acetyl-L-carnitine delays the progression of Alzheimer’s disease and
enhances overall performance in some individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimer’s research has been done with the acetyl-L-carnitine form,
rather than the L-carnitine form, of this nutrient"
http://www.nutrimart.com/library.htm

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Cilantro:
Role of mercury (Hg) in resistant infections & effective treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes family viral infections (and potential treatment for cancer) by removing localized Hg deposits with Chinese parsley and delivering effective antibiotics using various drug uptake enhancement methods.
Omura Y, Beckman SL.
Acupuncture & electro-therapeutics research 1995 Aug-Dec;20(3-4):195-229.

"In the spring of 1995, use of Chinese parsley for successful elimination of Hg deposits existing in various organs of the first author as the result of the decay of radioactive Thallium 201 injected for cardiac SPECT, was accidentally discovered after eating Vietnamese soup, which happened to contain Chinese parsley, also called cilantro. We also found Chinese parsley accelerates the excretion of Hg, Pb, and A1 from the body though the urine."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8686573?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum

Cilantro: A Common Spice/Herb That Can Save Your Life

"Dr David Williams published in his newsletter Alternative (For the Health Conscious Individual) (Vol. 7, No. 12) June, 1998 the most interesting piece of information to come down the pike in years.

"Chelation therapy has been used by conventional medicine to pull lead from people suffering from lead poisoning. Chelation (a Greek term meaning "claws," for it was thought that the chelator "grabbed" the metals from the blood and arteries) therapy is administered intravenously using the chemical agent EDTA. Today scientists know that the grabbing that takes place is simply a metaphor for biochemical reaction when a "chelator" contacts a heavy metal."
http://www.mnwelldir.org/docs/detox/cilantro.htm

The Poor Man's Chelation Therapy

Cilantro
http://home.earthlink.net/~jedcline/cilantro.html

Cilantro Chutny (Google search)
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=%22cilantro+chutney%22

Removing Heavy Metals: Detoxification Recipe
Compiled by Dr. Thomas Stearns Lee, NMD

"Heavy-metal poisoning is rampant. It is a major cause of hormonal imbalances, cancer, thyroid problems, neurological disturbances, learning problems, depression food allergies, and parasites.

"Cilantro -- also known as coriander or Chinese parsley -- has been proven to chelate toxic metals from our bodies in a relatively short period of time. (The word chelate comes from the Greek word for claw, and describes a process which acts to engulf and then enable the removal of a highly reactive toxic mineral.)"
http://www.naturodoc.com/library/treatments/removing_heavy_metals.htm

Cilantro

http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/chris/2006/02/19/cilantro_chelation_that_can_save_your_life.htm

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Curcumin (turmeric extract, diferuloylmethane)
       See also: References II: Curcumin

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Folic Acid (Folacin):
    Vitamin B????

Folic acid (Folacin)

"Two research groups have found a statistical association between Alzheimer's disease and low levels of folic acid in blood samples taking earlier in the patient's life. Whether there is a causal connection between the two; that is, whether low levels of folic acid predispose to the development of Alzheimer's, is unknown."
http://home.comcast.net/~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/N/Nutrition.html

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Ginkgo Biloba:
Ginkgo Biloba

"Ginkgo biloba is commonly used in the treatment of early-stage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, peripheral claudication, and tinnitus of vascular origin. Multiple trials investigating the efficacy of ginkgo for treating cerebrovascular disease and dementia have been performed, and systematic reviews suggest the herb can improve the symptoms of dementia. Ginkgo is generally well tolerated, but it can increase the risk of bleeding if used in combination with warfarin, antiplatelet agents, and certain other herbal medications. Clinical issues of safety, dosing, use in the perioperative period, and pharmacology are addressed in this review. (Am Fam Physician 2003;68:923-6. Copyright© 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians)"

[Very straight forward good information.]
http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030901/923.html

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Phytic Acid (IP6):
    Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6, IP-6, Insp6, inositol, phytic acid, phytate,
    myo-inositol hexaphosphate)

    See also: Iron, Inositol, Soy

PHYTIC ACID
http://www.chemindustry.com/apps/chemicals

Phytic Acid

"Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent."
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=890

Inhibition of iron-catalysed hydroxyl radical formation by inositol
polyphosphates: a possible physiological function for myo-inositol
hexakisphosphate
Phillip T. HAWKINS, David R. POYNER,* Trevor R. JACKSON, Andrew J.
LETCHER, David A. LANDER and Robin F. IRVINEt
Department of Biochemistry, AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and
Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, U.K.

"In 1984, Graf et al. showed that InsP. was a particularly effective inhibitor of iron-catalysed hydroxyl radical (OH') formation, and suggested that it might make a useful food additive (Graf et al., 1984, 1987; Graf and Eaton, 1990)."

"Some idea of the relative affinity of InsP6 for Fe3+ was deduced by competition experiments measuring the decolorization of FeCl3/catechol complexes (see the Materials and methods section).
Any compound that is able to compete with catechol for Fe3+ in the same concentration range as the Fe'+-catechol complex (0.25 mM in this case) must have an affinity for Fe3+
that is of a similar order to, or greater than, that of catechol (the K1 for which is approx. 10-20; Martell and Smith, 1982). The data (Figure 2) show that InsP6, EDTA and Desferral all fall into this category; the greater potency of InsP6 compared with the other
two chelators is presumably because InsPJ has multiple phosphates which are capable of chelating Fe3+ with high affinity (i.e. more than one Fe3+ can be bound per InsP6; Graf et al.,
1987)."
http://www.biochemj.org/bj/294/0929/2940929.pdf

"The overall objective of this study is to determine the therapeutic effect of phytic acid in preventing the neurodegeneration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropryidine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson’s Disease (PD)."

co-enzyme Q10
phytic acid
phytic acid containing soy protein

"Iron chelation via either transgenic expression of the iron-binding protein ferritin or oral administration of the metal chelator clioquinol (CQ) reduced the susceptibility to the MPTP for inducing PD, suggesting that iron chelation may also be an effective therapy for prevention and treatment of the disease (Kaur et al, 2003)."

"Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakiphosphate) is a food component that is considered an antinutrient by virtue of its ability to chelate divalent minerals and prevent their absorption (Reddy et al, 1996). Its unique chelating action with iron provides phytic acid with antioxidant characteristics."

"We would like to test this hypothesis at therapeutic doses based on the cancer prevention rat studies (Ullah et al, 1990) and human studies to treat idiopathic hypercalcuria (Henneman et al, 1958) with phytic acid."
http://www.cdfin.iastate.edu/update/research/project5.htm

IP6: Inositol Hexaphosphate

Other common name(s): IP6, IP-6, Insp6, inositol, phytic acid, phytate, myo-inositol hexaphosphate,
                      myo-inositol hexakisphosphate

http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Inositol_Hexaphosphate.asp?sitearea=ETO

Method of treatment of Alzheimer's disease using phytic acid
United States Patent 4847082
Inventors:     Sabin, Robert;
Application Number:     177690
Filing Date:     1988-04-05
Publication Date:     1989-07-11

"Abstract:     A method is provided for treating Alzheimer's Disease by administering to a subject an effective symptom-alleviating amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of phytic acid, phytate salt, an isomer or hydrolysate of phytic acid or phytate salt, or a mixture of any combination thereof. The preferred method of administration is by oral dosages of about 1/2 to 3 grams/kilogram bodyweight per day."
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4847082.html

Myo-Inositol

"The major dietary forms of myo-inositol are inositol hexaphosphate or phytic acid, which is widely found in cereals and legumes and associated with dietary fiber, and myo-inositol-containing phospholipids from animal and plant sources."

phytic acid

"Myo-inositol has not demonstrated the same promise in Alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia and electroconvulsive therapy-induced memory impairment." [...as scyllo-inositol]
http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/myo_0145.shtml

"Whole meal cereals and other seeds have in their shells phytic acid which strongly binds to minerals like calcium,
iron, zinc and magnesium to form insoluble salts, phytates [1, 3-7]. It is well known that whole meal cereals by this mechanism decrease the absorption of such minerals [1, 3-7]. There is apparently no adaptation to a habitual high intake of phytic acid [8] which is an important contributing cause of iron deficiency in third world countries and possibly
in the western world [9]. It is also an important cause of mineral deficiency in vegetarians [10-12]. The most commonly studied minerals are bound to phytic acid possibly in the following decreasing order: calcium > iron > zinc > magnesium (Fredlund K, personal communication)."
http://paleodiet.com/phytic.txt

Can Humans Live Longer?: What we can learn about anti-aging from mynah birds, fruit flies and leeches
by Bill Sardi

"Consumption of tea extracts, which bind iron and inhibit its absorption, has been found to inhibit the age-related accumulation of iron and prolong life in the fruit fly by as much as 21 percent."

"Green tea will reduce iron absorption even further, by 62 percent."

"The diet also provides some potent iron binders. Iron-binding pigments found in berries, coffee, green tea, pine bark, onions and the rind of citrus fruits, and phytic acid (a component of whole grains and seeds such as sesame and rice bran) bind to iron and other minerals in the gastric tract and help to limit iron availability."

"Nature's most potent rust remover is phytic acid, commonly found in whole grains, seeds and nuts. Phytic acid – also called inositol hexaphosphate, or IP6 – is comprised of six phosphorus molecules and one molecule of inositol. IP6 is provided as a food supplement extracted from rice bran (Tsuno Foods & Rice Co., Wakayama, Japan). "

[Interesting site with some practical strategies for iron removal.]
http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/sardi10.html
See also: http://www.knowledgeofhealth.com/ (Bill Sardi's web site. Author of the book "The Iron Time Bomb")

Pytic acid consumption can lead to zinc deficiency.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-247867

III-B-4. Phytic Acid in legumes and whole grains rich in wheat bran and flaxseed principle means plants store phosphate binds minerals, especially calcium and iron mineral chelation may reduce free radicals can reduce calcium absorption from the gut reduces starch digestion (lowers blood glucose) iron-binding effect slows cancer growth
http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/phytochemicals.html

The plant phosphoinositide system
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1131942&blobtype=pdf

Generation of phytate-free seeds in Arabidopsis through disruption of
inositol polyphosphate kinases
Jill Stevenson-Paulik *, Robert J. Bastidas *, Shean-Tai Chiou *, Roy A.
Frye , and John D. York *,

*Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh Veterans Administration Medical
Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240

Edited by Solomon H. Snyder, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, and approved July 12, 2005 (received for review May 19,
2005)

Abstract

"Phytate (inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6) is a regulator of intracellular
signaling, a highly abundant animal antinutrient, and a phosphate store in
plant seeds. Here, we report a requirement for inositol polyphosphate
kinases, AtIPK1 and AtIPK2, for the later steps of phytate synthesis in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Coincident disruption of these kinases nearly
ablates seed phytate without accumulation of phytate precursors, increases
seed-free phosphate by 10-fold, and has normal seed yield. Additionally,
we find a requirement for inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4)/inositol
pentakisphosphate (IP5) 2-kinase activity in phosphate sensing and root
hair elongation. Our results define a commercially viable strategy for the
genetic engineering of phytate-free grain and provide insights into the
role of inositol polyphosphate kinases in phosphate signaling biology."

[While some researchers are proving that IP6 is beneficial, and
agrabusiness is trying to get rid of the stuff!]
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/35/12612

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Inositols:

    myo-inositol: inositol hexaphosphate or phytic acid
                  (CAS RN: 87-89-8)

    scyllo-inositol (scyllitol, cocositol, quercinitol,
       1,3,5/2,4,6-Hexahydroxycyclohexane,CAS RN: 488-59-5
   Mol. Formula: C6H12O6 )

    See also Phytic Acid

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Inositol Isomers

Inositol

"An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction."
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=892

[Diagrams of the various isomers of cyclohexanehexol (a.k.a. inositol)]

"Myo-inositol is a crystalline compound with a sweet taste which was first isolated by Scherer in 1849. While the complete structure was disclosed by Dangschat and Posternakt in the late 1930s, the first total synthesis was already published in 1915 by Wieland and Wishart [1]."
http://www.biosynth.com/index.asp?topic_id=225&g=19&m=276

Molecule links Down syndrome to Alzheimer's

"Researchers from the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London have identified a molecule that could be targeted to treat the cognitive impairment in people with Down syndrome. The study, published in Archives of General Psychiatry found that people with Down syndrome have higher levels of myo-inositol in their brains than people without the condition, and that increased levels of this molecule are associated with reduced intellectual ability."
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=1059

"Natural sources of inositol include wheat germ, brewers yeast, bananas, liver, brown rice, oak flakes, nuts, unrefined molasses, vegetables, and raisins. Available naturally from plant and animal sources, the plant form of inositol is combined with six phosphates and is known as the "anti-nutrient" phytic acid. In plants, phytic acid binds with minerals, such as iron and calcium, and interferes with their absorption. Mammals, including humans, can also biosynthesize inositol from glucose and patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney failure, and multiple sclerosis (MS), exhibit impaired production."
http://www.mic-d.com/gallery/polarized/inisitol.html

Galactosylononitol and Stachyose Synthesis in Seeds of Adzuki Bean1
Purification and Characterization of Stachyose Synthase
Thomas Peterbauer and Andreas Richter*

"Plant Material and Chemicals
Seeds from adzuki bean (Vigna angularis [Willd.] Ohwi & Ohashi) were
obtained from a local market. Galactinol was purified from leaves of sage
(Salvia officinalis) as previously described (Kuo, 1992). Ononitol and
galactosylononitol were isolated from seeds of V. angularis as previously
described (Richter et al., 1997). Further substrates (d-pinitol,
sequoyitol, d- and l-bornesitol, l-quebrachitol, 1-O-methyl-scyllo-inositol, d- and l-chiro-inositol, d-1-O-methyl-muco-inositol, and muco-inositol) were isolated and purified as previously described (Wanek and Richter, 1995). All other chemicals
were obtained from commercial sources and were of the highest purity
available."
http://www.pubmedcentral.com/articlerender.fcgi?artid=34999

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INOSITOL

"Inositol ,chemically hexahydroxycylohexane, is any of nine stereoisomeric
alcohols that closely resemble glucose in structure. It is a constituent
of many cell phosphoglycerides. Meso- or myoinositol, named for its
presence in muscle tissue, is biologically the important isomer.
Myo-Inositol is the precursor in the phosphatidylinositol cycle, a source
of two second messengers (diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate).
Inositols and their phosphates lack a hydrolytically labile glycosidic
linkage and are stable to degradative enzymes in vivo. They have been used
in the stable insulin mediators, inhibitors, and modulators. It is known
that Inositols are effective in relieving symptoms of depression. Though
inositols are not regarded as an essential nutrient in humans, they are
sometimes classified as a member of the vitamin B complex (thiamine,
riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, pyridoxine, folic acid,
inositol, and vitamin B12). Inositol is essential for the growth of some
yeasts and fungi."
http://www.chemicalland21.com/arokorhi/lifescience/foco/CALCIUM%20PHYTATE.htm
http://www.chemicalland21.com/arokorhi/lifescience/foco/PHYTIC%20ACID.htm
http://www.chemicalland21.com/arokorhi/lifescience/foco/INOSITIOL.htm

Clinical implications
Some preliminary results of studies on inositol supplements show promising
results for people suffering from problems such as bulimia, panic disorder
and bipolar depression.

Inositol has been found in double-blind studies to be an effective
treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is equal in
effectiveness to SSRI's and is virtually free from side effects [1].

[edit]Illicit uses
Inositol powder can be used in small proportions to cut Cocaine HCL or
Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth). It has an almost identical appearance when
in powder form and portrays similar qualities when heated. This, in
addition to the fact that it adds almost no discernable taste or feel to
either drug regardless the method of use, makes it an ideal cutting agent.
Cutting either drug at any point in the distribution increases volume of
the street product and increases dealer profits. However, at higher cut
levels the inositol becomes somewhat noticable in that the quality of the
product is obviously diminished.
[edit]
http://www.tscholars.com/encyclopedia/Inositol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol

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Myo-Inositol
[Often referred to as "inositol"]

********************************************************************************************
Scyllitol (scyllo-inositol, cocositol, quercinitol, 1,3,5/2,4,6-Hexahydroxycyclohexane,
             CAS RN: 488-59-5 Mol. Formula: C6H12O6)

Scyllitol
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=892

Scyllo-inositol treatment of Alzheimer's disease

"Certain variants of a simple sugar ameliorate Alzheimer's-like disease in mice, according to a new study by Canadian researchers."
scyllo-inositol
http://groups.google.vg/group/misc.health.alternative/browse_thread/thread/1f4bda3485a8dd1a?hl=en

A Sweet Solution to Alzheimer's Disease?

"The new studies show that some types of a sugar called cyclohexanehexol—also known as inositol—prevented the accumulation of amyloid β deposits, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Scyllo-inositol treatment also improved cognitive abilities in the mice and allowed them to live a normal lifetime. The study appeared in advance online publication of the journal Nature Medicine on June 11, 2006."
http://www.hhmi.org/news/stgeorgehyslop20060612.html

A Sweet Solution For Alzheimer's Disease?

"Certain variants of a simple sugar ameliorate Alzheimer's-like disease in mice, according to a new study by Canadian researchers. Although the new studies are still in the early stages, the findings could lead to new therapies that prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease. The new studies show that some types of a sugar called cyclohexanehexol--also known as inositol--prevented the accumulation of amyloid â deposits, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Scyllo-inositol treatment also improved cognitive abilities in the mice and allowed them to live a normal lifetime. The study appeared in advance online publication of the journal Nature Medicine on June 11, 2006."
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=45078

A Sweet Solution to Alzheimer's Disease?

Sugar restored cognitive ability, returned mice to live normal lives

June 13, 2006 - "Certain variants of a simple sugar cause improvement in Alzheimer's-like disease in mice, according to a new study by Canadian researchers. Although the new studies are still in the early stages, the findings could lead to new therapies that prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease.

"The new studies show that some types of a sugar called cyclohexanehexol—also known as inositol—prevented the accumulation of amyloid B deposits, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.

"Scyllo-inositol treatment also improved cognitive abilities in the mice and allowed them to live a normal lifetime. The study appeared in advance online publication of the journal Nature Medicine on June 11, 2006."
http://www.seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Alzheimers/6-06-13-ASweetSolution.htm

"13 June 2006. The news this week brings four papers describing different approaches to prevent or treat neurodegeneration. From an inhibitor of aggregation and a DNA vaccine targeted at amyloid-β (Aβ), to a kinase inhibitor for tau and a kinase target in Parkinson disease, there’s plenty to read and heed in these reports.
In the first, JoAnne McLaurin, Peter St. George-Hyslop, and colleagues at the University of Toronto show that certain orally delivered cyclohexanehexol (aka inositol) stereoisomers can block the accumulation of soluble Aβ oligomers in the brain of transgenic mice. The compounds reverse memory deficits (as measured by performance in the Morris water maze), reduce plaque load, and reverse other signs of Aβ pathology. The results strengthen the case that high-molecular-weight oligomers of Aβ (like Aβ*, see ARF related news story) play a major role in producing memory deficits in mice, and pave the way for the testing of these inositols to prevent or reverse Alzheimer disease in people. A phase I trial of their most effective compound, scyllo-inositol, has just been launched under the name AZD-103."
http://www.alzforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=1414

Cyclohexanehexol inhibitors of Abeta aggregation prevent and reverse Alzheimer phenotype in a mouse model.

"When given orally to a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease, cyclohexanehexol stereoisomers inhibit aggregation of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) into high-molecular-weight oligomers in the brain and ameliorate several Alzheimer disease-like phenotypes in these mice, including impaired cognition, altered synaptic physiology, cerebral Abeta pathology and accelerated mortality. These therapeutic effects, which occur regardless of whether the compounds are given before or well after the onset of the Alzheimer disease-like phenotype, support the idea that the accumulation of Abeta oligomers has a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16767098

Characterization of scyllo-inositol-containing phosphatidylinositol in plant cells.

"The structure of in vivo [3H]myo-inositol-labeled phosphatidylinositols in barley seeds were investigated by chemical degradation. In this report we present data that suggests the presence of scyllo-inositol-containing phosphatidylinositol in addition to the commonly occurring myo-inositol-containing phosphatidylinositol."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7755633&dopt=Abstract

Identification of scyllo-Inositol Phosphates in Soil by Solution Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

"A large proportion of the organic P in soils can occur as scyllo-inositol phosphates. These compounds are rarely detected elsewhere in nature and remain poorly understood, partly because conventional procedures for their determination are lengthy and erroneous. We report a straightforward procedure for the determination of scyllo-inositol phosphates in soil extracts using solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Solution 31P NMR chemical shifts of a range of synthetic scyllo-inositol phosphate esters were determined in alkaline solution. Of these, only the signal corresponding to scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphate at approximately 4.2 ppm was identified in soil NaOH–EDTA extracts, constituting between 6.5 and 9.8% of the NaOH–EDTA extracted P."
http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/3/802

Quantification and bioavailability of scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphate in pasture soils

From the PDF...
"Results from both re-analyzed datasets provide tentative evidence that nutrient status regulates scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphate in soil. In particular, it was inversely correlated with nitrogen-to-organic phosphorus ratios and was degraded by ryegrass only in low-nutrient soils. This suggests that phosphorus limitation favours organisms that can access recalcitrant inositol phosphates in the soil, such as Aspergillus ficuum or Pseudomonas spp. Conversely, accumulation of scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphate following the growth of ryegrass in high nutrient soils indicates synthesis by microbes under phosphorus-sufficient conditions."
http://striweb.si.edu/inositol_conference/program/PDFs/tuesday_morning/Condron.pdf

Identification of L-Inositol and Scyllitol and Their Distribution in Various Organs in Chrysanthemum

Kazuo ICHIMURA1), Katsunori KOHATA1), Yuichi YAMAGUCHI1), Mitsuru DOUZONO1), Hiroshi IKEDA1) and Mamoru KOKETSU2)

1) National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants and Tea
2) Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University

(Received September 16, 1999)
(Accepted December 24, 1999)

"Two unidentified soluble carbohydrates were isolated from chrysanthemum (Dendranthema×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura) leaves using HPLC. The compounds were identified as 1 L-chiro-inositol, called L-inositol (1) and scyllo-inositol, called scyllitol (2) from the results of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and CI-MS spectra. L-Inositol and scyllitol were distributed in four cultivars tested. L-Inositol concentration of petals gradually decreased during the flower bud development, but the L-inositol content increased by about 7 times. Scyllitol was detected only at an early stage of flower bud."
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/64/4/64_865/_article

Nomenclature of Cyclitols

Cyclitols with only hydroxyl or substituted hydroxyl groups
http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/cyclitol/I1t5.html

Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

SCYLLITOL

Plant species with highest amount
Cocos nucifera L. -- Coconut, Coconut Palm, Cocotero (Sp.), Copra, Kokospalme (Ger.), Nariyal; 3,200 ppm in Leaf; 500 ppm in Endosperm;
Annona muricata L. -- Soursop; in Plant;
Arecastrum romanzoffianum (CHAM.) BECC. -- Feathery coconut, Queen palm; in Plant WO2;
Cornus florida L. -- American Dogwood; in Flower;
Quercus alba L. -- White Oak; in Bark;
Quercus robur L. -- English Oak; in Bark;
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?SCYLLITOL

scyllo-Inositol [I1060]
Alternative Product ID: Scyllito
Description: Natural occurring isomer of myo-inositol, product # I-1058.
Chemical Formula: C6H12O6
Molecular Weight: M.W.180.2
Solubility: Soluble in Water.
Active Product: N
Appearance: Crystalline Solid
Purity: >99%
Storage: Room Temperature.
Shipping: Priority Courier
Bulk Quantity: Inquire

http://www.agscientific.com/Item/I1060.htm

Cat. Number: I666050 CAS Number: 488-59-5
Chemical Name: scyllo-Inositol
Synonym: Scyllitol, Cocositol,
Quercinitol,1,3,5/2,4,6-Hexahydroxycyclohexane
Mol. Formula: C6H12O6
Mol. Weight: 180.16
Melting Point: 348.5-350°C
Boiling Point:
Appearance: White Crystalline Solid
Application Notes:

References:
Carbohydrate Res., 307, 163 (1998)
http://trc-canada.com/product.lasso?product=I666050

New conditions for the synthesis of scyllo-inositol starting from
myo-inositol

Christian Husson, Léon Odier1 and Ph. J. A. Vottéro*

CEA-Grenoble/Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière
Condensée, Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, Laboratoire de
Reconnaissance Ionique, 17, rue des Martyrs, F-38041 Grenoble, France

Received 27 October 1997; accepted 18 December 1997. Available online 25
May 2000.

Abstract
Equilibration of myo-inositol by Raney nickel in water has been
reconsidered on a preparative scale. An efficient separation of
scyllo-inositol by orthoacetate derivatization of the components of the
crude mixture is proposed which gives the free scyllo-inositol in good
yield.

Author Keywords: Scyllo-inositol; Myo-inositol; Catalytic equilibration

1Also member of the Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1, France.

*Corresponding author. Fax: 0033 4 76 88 50 90.

Carbohydrate Research
Volume 307, Issues 1-2 , February 1998, Pages 163-165
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TFF-40BG3V2-19&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F1998&_alid=420890772&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5225&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6979693f38411f0f226b55a9e40004c4

Sulfonate protecting groups. Improved synthesis of scyllo-inositol and its
orthoformate from myo-inositol.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12681925&dopt=Abstract

SCYLLITOL FROM FLOWERING DOGWOOD (CORNUS FLORIDA).
BY RAYMOND M. HANN AND CHARLES E. SANDO.
(From the Bureau of Chemistry and the Bureau of Plant Industry, United
States Department of Agriculture, Washington.)

"Scyllitol, CGH6(OH)6, was first isolated in 1858 by Staedeler
and Frerichsl from the kidneys and other organs of certain plagiostomous
fishes. It has since been found in acorns,2J3 in the
leaves of Cocos plumosa and Cocos nucifera,4 and in the leaves
of He&nus ovatus.5 As a result of the present investigation, the
flowering dogwood, Cornus Jlorida, may be added as another
source of the compound."
http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/68/2/399

On the Inositol of Brain and its Preparation
Goro Momose

The Physiological Laboratory, King's College, London
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1258694

Hexitols in coconut milk: Their role in nurture of dividing cells 1
J. K. Pollard, E. M. Shantz, and F. C. Steward

Department of Botany, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=406171

Center for Plant Cell Biology, UC Riverside
http://bioweb.ucr.edu/ChemMine/view.php?TYPE=1&i_id=920029

The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) identifies interactions
between chemicals and genes/proteins in diverse organisms to elucidate the
molecular mechanisms by which environmental chemicals affect human health.
http://ctd.mdibl.org/voc.go;jsessionid=8F50D909C61F6F6C4DA982C4529175E9?voc=chem&acc=C009217

High cerebral scyllo-inositol: a new marker of brain metabolism disturbances induced by chronic alcoholism.
Viola A, Nicoli F, Denis B, Confort-Gouny S, Le Fur Y, Ranjeva JP, Viout
P, Cozzone PJ.
Centre de Resonance Magnetique, Biologique et Medicale UMR CNRS 6612,
Faculte de Medecine, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.

Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine
Publisher: Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
ISSN: 0968-5243 (Paper) 1352-8661 (Online)
DOI: 10.1007/s10334-004-0044-x
Issue: Volume 17, Number 1

Date: September 2004
Pages: 47 - 61

Our results suggest that scyllo-inositol is produced within the central nervous system and shows a diffuse but heterogenous distribution in brain where it can persist several weeks after detoxification. Its highest levels were observed in subjects with a clinically symptomatic alcohol-related encephalopathy. When detected, brain scyllo-inositol takes part in a metabolic encephalopathy since it is associated with reduced N-acetylaspartate and increased creatine. High levels of cerebral scyllo-inositol are correlated with altered glial and neuronal metabolism. Our findings suggest that the accumulation of scyllo-inositol may precede and take part in the development of symptomatic alcoholic metabolic encephalopathy.

PMID: 15340856 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Whoa! Interesting. Can alcohol consumption cause scyllitol to be created by the CNS? Or is it a component of the alcoholic beverage? If scyllitol breaks down amyloid beta plaques, then could a drinking binge rid the brain of amyloid???? ?????? What relationship is there between alcoholism and AD? Alcohol consumption and AD? Too much scyllitol causes problems. Could the CNS be producing scyllitol as a defense mechanism against the constant onslaught of alcohol? In the case of AD, the CNS just isn't producing enough. Here is a study that shows alcohol isn't a factor: http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/3/358 ]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=15340856&itool=pubmed_Abstract&dopt=abstractplus&dr=abstractplus

Keystone Drug News: Phase 2 Anti-oligomer Sugar Alcohol—How Might It Work?
http://www.alzforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=1792

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Soy:
The Trouble With Tofu: Soy and the Brain

"In a major ongoing study involving 3,734 elderly Japanese-American men, those who ate the most tofu during midlife had up to 2.4 times the risk of later developing Alzheimer's disease. As part of the three-decade long Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, 27 foods and drinks were correlated with participants' health. Men who consumed tofu at least twice weekly had more cognitive impairment, compared with those who rarely or never ate the soybean curd."

"Plants such as soy are making oral contraceptives to defend themselves, says Claude Hughes, Ph.D., a neuroendocrinologist at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. They evolved compounds that mimic natural estrogen. These phytoestrogens can interfere with the mammalian hormones involved in reproduction and growth — a strategy to reduce the number and size of predators."

[These folks *really* don't like soy!]
http://www.lowcarb.ca/articles/narticle132.html

"Nonfermented soy products contain an ingredient called phytic acid. This substance can inhibit your body's ability to bind with certain nutrients, thus this form of soy may not be as valuable as fermented soy products."

[...depending on what you want to do. If you want to lower the absorption of iron, then maybe it's a good thing!]
http://www.womenshealthcaretopics.com/bn_nutrition_soy.htm

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Natural Blood Thinners:
Are there natural alternatives to blood thinners like Coumadin and Plavix?

"There are natural substances that have anticoagulant (blood thinning) activity, but I don't know that I would rely on them if I were you."
http://www.drweil.com/u/QA/QA33112Print/

BROMELAIN

"BROMELAIN is a proteolytic enzyme derived from the pineapple stem. The broad substrate specificity of BROMELAIN enables the enzyme to efficiently hydrolyze most soluble proteins."

"Bromelain is a natural blood thinner because it prevents excessive blood platelet stickiness."
http://www.nutriteck.com/bromelain.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/
Several articles!

Garlic
[Need more info!!!]

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Statins:

Statin Drug Side Effects
by Duane Graveline MD MPH
Former NASA Astronaut, Former USAF Flight Surgeon
and Retired Family Doctor

"The fact that statin drugs are two-edged swords is known to few. It is no wonder doctors are confused about this class of drugs."

"When a statin reduces cholesterol, it is, at the same time, reducing synthesis of CoQ10, dolichols, selenoproteins, Rho, glutathione and normal phosphorylation by a similar amount. This, I believe, is the cause of the thousands of side effect reports largely unknown to the medical community."
http://www.spacedoc.net/

Statin Drugs May Lower Risk Of Alzheimer's

"Taking the cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, according to research presented during the American Academy of Neurology's 54th Annual Meeting in Denver, Colo., April 13-20, 2002."
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/04/020417070836.htm

Intensive statin therapy may partially reverse plaque build-up in arteries

"A study presented at the American College of Cardiology's 55th Annual Scientific Session recently demonstrates, for the first time, that very intensive cholesterol lowering with a statin drug can regress (partially reverse) the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries."
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/03/060326223937.htm

Intensive Cholesterol Lowering With Atorvastatin Halts Progression Of Heart Disease, Cleveland Clinic-Led Study Shows

"The first head-to-head comparison of two popular cholesterol-lowering medications showed that only one of the statins successfully stopped the progression of heart disease."
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/03/040309071559.htm

Study Shows Statin Use Before Or After Stroke Improves Recovery

" MIAMI BEACH -- The use of statins before or after a stroke helps improve patient recovery after an ischemic stroke, according to research presented at the American Academy of Neurology 57th Annual Meeting in Miami Beach, Fla., in April [2005]."
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050623003754.htm

Statins May Prevent Damage By Alzheimer's Disease Protein, USF Study Finds

"Commonly-used cholesterol-lowering drugs, known as statins, block damage by an Alzheimer's-associated protein in neurons and blood vessels, a study by University of South Florida researchers found."
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/04/020403025431.htm

High-dose statins reverse heart disease

[Link seems to be broken]
http://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20060313-17384300-bc-us-heart-statin-analysis.xml

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Alzheimer's Disease Treatment & Prevention:
    See also...
        COGNIShunt
        Desferrioxamine & Deferasirox
                    EDTA
        Herbs
        Iron
        McDougall
        Mirkin

Can Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia be Prevented?

"There are various levels of evidence which might show that dementia can be postponed."
NOTE: This is an Adobe Acrobat "PDF" file
http://www.alzheimers.org.au/upload/Update%20Sheet%20-%20Prevention%20Sept%202004.pdf

Live Discussion: Does Blocking Metal-Aβ Interactions Work?
http://www.alzforum.org/res/for/journal/bush/bush_transcript.asp

[Interesting results from an Altavista search on "alzheimer's disease" "halt progression".]
http://www.altavista.com/web/results?itag=ody&q=%22alzheimer%27s+disease%22+%22halt+the+progression%22&kgs=1&kls=0

Red Wine May Help Prevent Alzheimer's
By LiveScience Staff

"A new study finds that moderate red wine consumption, specifically Cabernet Sauvignon, might help reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease.

"Previous Alzheimer's research has indicated similar potential benefits of red wine.

"The new research, done only on mice, will be detailed in the November 2006 issue of the FASEB Journal and will be presented at the Society for Neuroscience Meeting next month in Atlanta.

""This study supports epidemiological evidence indicating that moderate wine consumption, within the range recommended by the FDA dietary guidelines of one drink per day for women and two for men, may help reduce the relative risk for AD [Alzheimer's disease] clinical dementia," write Giulio Maria Pasinetti and Jun Wang of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine."
http://www.livescience.com/humanbiology/060928_red_wine.html

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COGNIShunt®

From the Intregra LifeSciences annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006

"In September 2005, we acquired the intellectual property estate of Eunoe, Inc. for $0.5 million in cash. Prior to ceasing operations, Eunoe, Inc. was engaged in the development of its innovative COGNIShunt® system for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease patients. The acquired intellectual property has not been developed into a product that has been approved or cleared by the FDA and has no future alternative use other than in clinical applications involving the regulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Accordingly, we recorded the entire acquisition price as an in-process research and development charge in 2005."

http://apps.shareholder.com/sec/viewerContent.aspx?companyid=IART&docid=5005174

Alzheimer's Breakthrough Could Halt Disease
New Procedure May Even Reverse Symptoms

10:46 a.m. PST November 19, 2003
UPDATED: 11:32 a.m. PST November 19, 2003

LOS ANGELES -- A new procedure may be the first to halt the progression of
Alzheimer's disease -- it may even reverse symptoms.

We hear so much about Alzheimer's treatments, all of which have failed to
pan out -- until now. The new procedure involves the COGNIShunt® Device
and it may be the first to actually help treat the disease.

Norma Thaier's doctor recently told her she was in the early stages of
Alzheimer's disease. "This is a terrible disease. It steals your mind,"
said Thaier, whose symptoms are mild now. Thaier's symptoms may never get
worse, thanks to the COGNIShunt®.

"I think I was lucky to get into this study," said Thaier. Researchers
implanted the tiny shunt in Thaier's brain nine months ago.

Dr. George Grossberg said the treatment continually draws a small amount
of spinal fluid off the brain, and that may prevent the damage thought to
cause the symptoms of Alzheimer's.

"What's special and unique about the COGNIShunt®, is that it's almost like
a circulatory device," explained Grossberg.
http://virtuallawoffice.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/2676030044/m/7576055394/r/3531064002

Drugs In Clinical Trials

Development Status: investigational
FDA Phase: Phase II/IIa/IIb
Primary Medical Role: COGNIShunt® System is a cerebrospinal fluid shunt
similar but not identical to shunts used for the treatment of children and
adults with hydrocephalus. The COGNIShunt® has been engineered
specifically to provide a low flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in
individuals without hydrocephalus and is designed to improve CSF clearance
without the over drainage of CSF.
Role in Alzheimer's Disease: Cerebrospinal fluid production and turnover
diminish with age and may be further diminished in Alzheimer's disease.
Flow-regulated drainage of CSF drainage may reduce the accumulation of
proteins such as tau and β-amyloid and other inflammatory mediators
implicated in AD.
http://www.alzforum.org/drg/drc/detail.asp?id=98

Emory Studies COGNIShunt Device For Alzheimer's Treatment
Neurologists at Emory University are studying a possible new treatment for
Alzheimer's disease using a device called the COGNIShunt, designed to
drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the skull and into the abdominal
cavity. By reducing the build-up of CSF around the brain, doctors hope
this device will help to stabilize the disease.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/03/020327073547.htm

COGNIShunt® System for Alzheimer's Disease

This study has been completed.

Sponsored by: Eunoe
Information provided by: National Institute on Aging (NIA)
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00056628

Purpose

This is a study of the effect on the progression of Alzheimer's Disease of
a surgically implanted shunt (tube) to increase the flow of cerebrospinal
fluid and improve the clearance of potential neurotoxins from the fluid
bathing the brain.
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00056628

Google search on "COGNIShunt"
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=COGNIShunt&btnG=Search

About COGNIShunt and Alzheimer’s diseaseFile Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
COGNIShunt is similar to the shunt used to treat hydrocephalus, a ...
COGNIShunt is not commercially available for sale or distribution. ...
http://www.trepan.com/pdfs/shunt.pdf

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Chelation Therapy:
"Chelation therapy is a method of removing substances from the body through intravenous infusions, and occasionally, orally."
http://www.henryspink.org/chelation_therapy.htm

CHELATION CRITICS PUBLISH DECEPTIVE DATA
http://www.drcranton.com/chelation/chelationcritics.htm

"The I/V Chelation doctors mostly belong to one medical association, called ACAM, the American College for Advancement in Medicine. I have attended many of their quarterly meetings. I know many of the members personal, consider them good friends, and have had I/V chelation therapy treatments from several of them. If was from these fine doctors that I first learned that "oral EDTA is useless."

"I have come to believe that this was false data."
http://www.oralchelation.net/data/Dr_Garry_F_Gordon/data19d.htm

"In February 2005, Robban A. Sica, M.D., who operates the Center for the Healing Arts in Orange, Connecticut, settled charges related to her care of about about 40 patients. In 2003, she was charged with improperly using chelation therapy to treat cardiovascular disease, failing to obtain adequate consent for such treatment, and failing to properly manage many of these patients whom she said were suffering from heavy metal toxicity."
http://www.casewatch.org/board/med/sica/consentform.shtml

Oral Chelation - Hoax or Heart Protector?
This article is from Dr. Robert J. Rowen's SECOND OPINION newsletter.

"Most chelating physicians (yes, me too) were trained to believe that EDTA is not well absorbed orally, hence it would be of little use. We were also trained to believe that a significant part of the effectiveness of EDTA was due to the ability of EDTA to pull calcium out of the body (theoretically from vascular walls).

"However, the incredible results of Dr. Blumer using calcium EDTA, which does not remove calcium, indicate otherwise. With calcium EDTA, the calcium is left in the body and the EDTA picks up a metal ion, which has a greater affinity for EDTA. Dr. Blumer has seen tremendous success using calcium EDTA, which suggests the actual removal of toxic metals may be what is so good for the body, not the calcium removal. EDTA not only binds lead and cadmium, both closely associated with vascular disease, but also picks up free iron. You already know that iron can be as deadly as it is life giving. Iron, when it's bound by enzymes and proteins, is healthy in the right amounts. When the iron isn't bound, it's a powerful generator of highly destructive free radicals, but it's also available for EDTA binding and removal!"
http://www.gordonresearch.com/articles_oral_chelation/oral_chelation_hoax_protector_rowen.html

A NEW THEORETICAL MECHANISM OF ACTION OF EDTA CHELATION THERAPY

"We still do not know for certain how EDTA chelation therapy benefits
atherosclerosis and other age-related diseases. We only know that it binds
to metallic ions in the body. EDTA rapidly removes ionic metals via
urinary excretion, and in the process it redistributes many metals within
in the body. We have many theories attempting to explain how EDTA reverses
symptoms, improves cardiovascular function, enhances quality of life, and
improves blood flow, but we still do not know the most important
mechanism(s) of action."
http://drcranton.com/chelation/theoreticalmech.htm

Chelation Therapy with EDTA

"Chelation therapy is the use of a chelating agent to eliminate toxic
metal ions. EDTA is the treament of choice for acute lead poisoning.
Excessive copper, iron and zinc in the brain induce amyloid formation,
which may contribute to Alzheimer's Disease [NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING
23:1031-1038 (2002)]. Chelation therapy has shown some effectiveness in
Alzheimer's Disease treatment, but has greater potential for prevention.
Unfortunately, the concept of chelation therapy is primarily associated
with the use of EDTA to reduce atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels by
calcium chelation. Clinics often charge expensive fees for this scheme,
which is not only of doubtful value but is potentially dangerous [JOURNAL
OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 287(4):481-486 (2002)]."
http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/EDTA.html

CHELATION THERAPY FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

"TREATMENT FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE There is no allopathic treatment for
Alzheimer's disease. Chelation therapy is not part of mainstream medicine.
In my book Toxic Metal Syndrome, we have described the chelation protocol
to follow to reverse Alzheimer's disease, and it works. Dr. Richard
Casdorph, the co-author of this book, found that when he gave chelation
therapy to his patients to remove atherosclerotic plaques from the
arteries, the minds of his patients began to clear up and function
appropriately. He discovered that chelation therapy works beautifully to
bring Alzheimer's disease patients out of the convalescent homes and back
to their loved ones if enough treatment is administered in a specific
dosage range. This protocol is described in the book. The usual number of
treatments for heart disease begins with a series of 20 intravenous
infusions, then goes on to another series of 20, and up to 80. If you go
on to give 100 treatments, the brain clears up. Dr. Casdorph published his
studies in professional journals, and many physicians around the world
have adapted the Casdorph protocol for their own patients with Alzheimer's
disease. Physicians' names and phone numbers are published in the appendix
of the book. They belong to the American College for Advancement in
Medicine, and I have to keep updating the book because the number is
growing all the time. My book The Healing Powers of Chelation Therapy has
a newly updated list."
http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles/display.cfm?ID=19990303214451

EDTA Chelation Therapy

"EDTA Oral Chelation has a rejuvenating effect on the body, slowing down
the biological clock of aging because of its powerful anti-oxidant,
free-radical scavenging ability. EDTA is a weak, synthetic amino acid
related to vinegar that was developed by the Germans in 1931 as a solution
for heavy-metal poisoning (due to the ingestion of lead, mercury,
aluminum, cadmium, etc.). It also has been found to have a wide range of
positive results in many other health conditions."
http://www.naturodoc.com/library/detox/EDTA-about.htm

Oral Chelation and Nutritional Replacement Therapy for Chemical & Heavy
Metal Toxicity and Cardiovascular Disease Overview
by Maile Pouls, Ph.D.

"Oral EDTA chelation has all the benefits of IV chelation, but is much
slower acting because only 4% to 18% of an oral EDTA dose is absorbed
(compared with 100% of an IV dose). ...

"The heightened benefits of oral chelation may result from the synergistic
effect of combining EDTA with numerous natural chelating agents, such as
activated clays, certain bioflavonoids, chlorella, cilantro, coenzyme Q10,
garlic, L-cysteine, L-glutathione, lipoic acid, methionine, selenium,
sodium alginate, and zinc gluconate. Each chelating agent has a
predilection for different chemicals and mineral or metal ions. ... "
http://earthtym.net/ref-chelation-2.htm

[Opposes chelation therapy]
http://your-doctor.com/patient_info/alternative_remedies/various_therapy/fraud_topics/chelation.html

Google search for "scholarly articles":

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q="Alzheimer's%20disease"%20%20mechanism%20EDTA%20"chelation%20therapy"&hl=en&lr=&oi=scholart

********************************************************************************************
AD Research:
    See also...
        Globulomer

Researchers Identify Brain Protein That Halts Progression Of Alzheimer's

"Researchers have identified a protein in the brain that halts the progression of Alzheimer's disease in human brain tissue. The protein, known as "transthyretin," protects brain cells from gradual deterioration by blocking another toxic protein that contributes to the disease process."
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/10/041025131754.htm

Phenserine Shows Potential To Slow Or Stop Progression Of Alzheimer's Disease

"April 4, 2002 - Results reported in an abstract on the transgenic mouse confirmed that Phenserine, a third generation acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChE-inhibitor), has the ability to reduce both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid peptide (amyloid-beta) formation in the brain which could have important potential implications for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)."
http://www.seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Alzheimers/04-08-02Phenserine.htm

Protein 'Pump' May Aid in Alzheimer's Prevention
By Steven Reinberg
HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, Oct. 20 (HealthDay News) -- A protein well known to scientists
appears to clear the brain of amyloid beta, the main component of the
plaques that are found in Alzheimer's patients, according to a new study
with mice.

The protein, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), has long been known to obstruct
chemotherapy drugs and other drugs used in treating brain disorders. But,
by creating drugs that alter the natural levels of Pgp, it may be possible
to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease, the researchers suggest.
http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=528648

Protein 'Pump' May Aid in Alzheimer's Prevention
In study with mice, it removed dangerous plaques from the brain.
By Steven Reinberg

THURSDAY, Oct. 20 (HealthDay News) -- A protein well known to scientists
appears to clear the brain of amyloid beta, the main component of the
plaques that are found in Alzheimer's patients, according to a new study
with mice.

The protein, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), has long been known to obstruct
chemotherapy drugs and other drugs used in treating brain disorders. But,
by creating drugs that alter the natural levels of Pgp, it may be possible
to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease, the researchers suggest.

"We found a new way of getting amyloid out of the brain," said lead author
John Cirrito, a postdoctorate research fellow at Washington University
School of Medicine in St. Louis. "Now there are avenues we can explore to
try to find a treatment. Anything you can do to prevent amyloid beta from
being produced or helping get it cleared is good."
http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.asp?docID=528648

********************************************************************************************
"Globulomer"
Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease

"Abbott’s Discovery

Abbott neuroscientists presented data on their discovery of a new soluble and globular form of the amyloid ß-peptide, which they have termed globulomer. They also demonstrated that these globulomers are indeed present in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s, that they selectively bind to nerve cells in the hippocampus area of brain, and that they disrupt learning and memory. These findings, while very early, could lead to drug candidates that selectively target these globulomers and stop progression of the disease."

[Link no longer available from Abbott]
http://abbott.com/global/url/content/en_US/60.15:15/feature/Feature_0005.htm
Google cached version:
http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:NJi1CSfA6w4J:abbott.com/global/url/content/en_US/60.15:15/feature/Feature_0005.htm+globulomer&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=8

Globular amyloid beta-peptide oligomer - a homogenous and stable
neuropathological protein in Alzheimer's disease.
Barghorn S, Nimmrich V, Striebinger A, Krantz C, Keller P, Janson B, Bahr
M, Schmidt M, Bitner RS, Harlan J, Barlow E, Ebert U, Hillen H

Neuroscience Discovery Research, Abbott GmbH and Co. KG, Ludwigshafen,
Germany.

Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta)(1-42) oligomers have recently been discussed
as intermediate toxic species in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Here
we describe a new and highly stable Abeta(1-42) oligomer species which can
easily be prepared in vitro and is present in the brains of patients with
AD and Abeta(1-42)-overproducing transgenic mice.
http://alzheimersdisease.researchtoday.net/archive/2/10/1037.htm

Amyloid Oligomers—Not So Elusive, After All? Part 1

6 December 2005. "For the past decade, Alzheimer researchers have
gradually built the argument that small species of the amyloid-β peptide
might be harming neurons in ways quite separate from the damage done by
fibrillized forms. In short, their slogan is, “It’s Not the Plaques,
Stupid!”
http://www.alzforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=1298

Abbott Finds New Amyloid in Alzheimer’s 11/16/05

"Among the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s, which include neurofibrillary tangles
and amyloid plaques, Abbott Laboratories Inc., Abbott Park, Ill.,
researchers now say they found a new species of amyloid beta-peptide that
selectively binds to nerve cells in the brain and is an important causal
factor for the disease."
“For years researchers have focused on finding ways to stop the formation
of the plaque, believing that the plaques themselves were toxic,” says
James Sullivan, PhD, vice president, neuroscience discovery, Abbott. “Over
the last five years, however, more and more research suggests that we did
not have the whole story.”
http://www.genpromag.com/ShowPR~PUBCODE~018~ACCT~1800000100~ISSUE~0511~RELTYPE~RLSN~PRODCODE~00000000~PRODLETT~M.html

Google "globulomer" search
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=globulomer&btnG=Google+Search

********************************************************************************************
AD Drugs:
11 Aricept Deaths in Clinical Trial: Excess Deaths in Vascular Dementia Patients Taking Alzheimer's Drug

"There were 11 deaths in vascular dementia patients taking the Alzheimer's drug Aricept in a clinical study -- and no deaths in patients taking inactive placebo pills."
http://www.webmd.com/content/article/120/113656.htm

********************************************************************************************
Clioquinol: metal chelator
A[beta] Metallobiology and the Development of Novel Metal-Protein Attenuating
Compounds (MPACs) for Alzheimer's Disease
Cyril C. Curtain1, Kevin J. Barnham1 and Ashley I. Bush

"Abstract: Over a decade of studies have pointed to metal mediated neural oxidative damage asan attractive target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Because of the nature of the blood brain barrier, systemic depletion of the metals, copper, zinc and possibly iron, is not a viable approach. However preliminary studies with CQ, a blood brain barrier penetrating chelating agent, are showing promise. CQ probably works by combining with the metal centres, primarily copper and zinc complexes of Ab, in the neuropil. This review discusses some of the background that resulted in CQ becoming a lead compound and how we might advance our understanding of its action"
http://www.alzforum.org/res/for/journal/allsop/bush.pdf

PBT2 Demonstrates Rapid And Potent Effects In Cognition, Reduction Of Brain Soluble Beta-amyloid And Significant Improvement In Synaptic Function
20 Jul 2006
The observation that PBT1 (clioquinol)[2], a retired anti-amoebic drug, could halt cognitive decline in a pilot Phase IIa Alzheimer's patient study was the original catalyst for the creation of Prana's new generation MPAC (Metal Protein Attenuating Compound) chemical library. This platform of agents may have therapeutic utility in several key neurological disorders. Rodent pharmacokinetic studies have shown that the brain concentration of PBT2 is about 50-fold greater than clioquinol for an IV equivalent dose...
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/47696.php

********************************************************************************************
Deferasirox (Exjade, Novartis), desferioxamine (desferrioxamine or desferal):
Desferasirox: Oral Medicine Found To Remove Excess Iron from the Body
Desferal: Intramuscular Medicine Found to Remove Excess Iron from the Body
    See also:
              McDougall
              McLachlan
              Richardson

"On the other hand deferasirox is available in a once-daily, drinkable format, providing a promising alternative. Maria Domenica Cappellini, MD, of the University of Milan, Italy, and lead study author said that this reduces the strain on those patients especially children who require frequent blood transfusions help them to lead a normal and healthy life."
http://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=9679&t=1

New Drug Poised To Radically Change The Treatment of Severe Anemias

"Those with severe chronic anemias need frequent blood transfusions to remain healthy, but such frequent transfusions can cause a potentially deadly buildup of iron in the body, leading to heart and liver failure. The traditional treatment to remove excess iron is so onerous that many patients choose to forgo it, putting their own lives at risk. The results of an international study on deferasirox, a new drug that may revolutionize the way chronic iron overload is treated, will be published in the May 1, 2006, issue of Blood, the official journal of the American Society of Hematology."
http://www.emaxhealth.com/39/5625.html

"Deferasirox (Exjade, Novartis) was approved in November and touts itself as the first and only once-daily oral iron chelator. The drug is approved for the treatment of chronic iron overload due to blood transfusions in adults and children age two and older. According to Novartis, deferasirox tablets should be dispersed into orange juice, apple juice, or water, and administered as a drink. Previously available iron chelator therapy [intramuscular injections desferal, or desferioxamine or desferrioxamine] often required a subcutaneous infusion lasting eight to 12 hours per night.

"Clinical trials for deferasirox included more than 1,000 adults and children and showed that doses of 20-30 mg/kg/day led to reductions in liver iron concentration, an indication for body iron content in patients receiving blood transfusions. The new drug will cost about 20% more than desferrioxamine (Desferal, Novartis). The list price is $89.49/gm, which at an average dosage, comes to more than $32,000 annually for treatments other than sickle cell disease. Costs for sickle cell treatment are about a third lower."
http://www.drugtopics.com/drugtopics/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=256787

Geriatric Use

"EXJADE did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to
determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Thirty patients ≥65 years of age were included in clinical trials of EXJADE. The majority of these patients had myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS, n=27; other anemias, n=3). In general, caution should be used in elderly patients due to the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease
or other drug therapy."

[Interestingly, the clinical trials of EXJADE did not include enough
subjects of the age most likely to suffer from Alzheimer's.]
http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2005/021882lbl.pdf

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EDTA(EthyleneDiamineTetraAcetic Acid):
"VERSENE* CA calcium disodium EDTA is a food grade chelating agent which meets the requirements of the Food Chemicals Codex. VERSENE CA chelating agent is the calcium chelate of EDTA, in dry form, and may be used in direct food applications."
http://www.dow.com/versene/prod/edta/ca.htm

EDTA Chelation Therapy

"EDTA (EthyleneDiamineTetraAcetic Acid) is a synthetic amino acid related to vinegar. EDTA was developed by the Germans in 1931 to reverse heavy-metal poisoning from the ingestion of lead, mercury, aluminum, cadmium, and more."
http://www.naturodoc.com/library/detox/EDTA-about.htm

Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12396676&dopt=Abstract

Effect of Oral Calcium Disodium EDTA on Iron Absorption in a Human Model of Mild Iron Overdose
http://www.aemj.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/521-b

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Rasagiline & TV3326 (ladostigil):
Food for thought

"If Prof. Moussa Youdim is correct, in a few years you will be able to mix a spoonful of medicine into your bowl of cereal and protect your brain from the degeneration caused by aging."

rasagiline [for Parkinson's]
TV3326, or ladostigil

"We have several animal models and different types of drugs," he explains, but he's pretty sure that ridding the brain of excess iron could be another way to fight neurodegeneration."

[Note also links at bottom of their (site) page.]
http://nootropics.com/smartdrugs/future.html

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AD Cause Speculation:
[Beta]-Amyloid protein oligomers induced by metal ions and acid pH are
distinct from those generated by slow spontaneous ageing at neutral pH

"Amyloid protein (A1–40) aggregation and conformation was examined using
native and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and
the results compared with those obtained by atomic force microscopy, and
with Congo red binding, sedimentation and turbidity assays. The amount of
A aggregation measured was different, depending upon the method used.
Incubation for 15 min at pH 5.0 or in the presence of Fe2+, Cu2+ or Zn2+
did not alter the level of A oligomers observed on SDS and native gels.
However, the slow aggregation of A to form high molecular mass species
over 5 days was inhibited. In contrast, when A aggregation was monitored
using a Congo red binding assay or sedimentation assay, a rapid increase
in A aggregation was observed after incubation for 15 min at pH 5.0, or in
the presence of Fe2+, Cu2+ or Zn2+. The low pH-, Zn2+- or Cu2+-induced A
aggregation measured in a turbidity assay was reversible. In contrast, a
considerable proportion of the A aggregation measured by native and
SDS/PAGE was stable. Atomic force microscopy studies showed that A aged at
pH 5.0 or in the presence of Zn2+ produced larger looser rod-shaped
aggregates than at pH 7.4. A that had been aged at pH 7.4 was more
cytotoxic than A aged at pH 5.0. Taken together, the results suggest that
A oligomerizes via two mutually exclusive mechanisms to form two different
types of aggregates, which differ in their cytotoxic properties."
http://content.febsjournal.org/cgi/content/full/270/21/4282

CURRENT HYPOTHESES

"We list here a collection of special seminars, on-line journal club discussions, recorded talks and other presentations on the Forum web site that describe a variety of scientific hypotheses about the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease."
http://www.alzforum.org/res/adh/cur/default.asp

Globulomer

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Heart Disease & Arterial Sclerosis:
Statins

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Stroke:
Widely Used Therapy May Not Be Effective In Treatment Of Acute Stroke

"General use of anticlotting drugs, like low-molecular-weight (LMW) heparinoids, immediately after a stroke has little effect in producing a good outcome or in preventing a second stroke in most patients, according to the results of a large clinical trial published in the April 22, 1998, issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association."
http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/1998/B/199801909.html

From: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/

What is a stroke?

"Stroke results from interruption of blood flow or bleeding into a specific part of the brain."
http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/neuro-icu/diseases_and_conditions/stroke.html

Statins
Natural Blood Thinners

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Vascular Dementia:
Vascular dementia: Stroke risk and sequelae define therapeutic approaches
      See also:
                Herbs

"The symptoms of vascular dementia are often distinct from those of Alzheimer's disease. The memory deficits that define Alzheimer's disease are not always observed in the initial stages of vascular dementia, which is usually characterized by greater impairment of executive function. However, increasing evidence supports an involvement of the cholinergic system in vascular dementia similar to that seen in Alzheimer's disease. In this article, Dr Black reviews the pathogenesis and diagnosis of vascular dementia, risk factors for the disease, and current treatment approaches, including possible use of cholinesterase inhibitors."
http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2005/01_05/black.htm

Vascular Dementia: A diagnosis of dementia does not always mean an unavoidable decline.

" One of the most feared consequences of aging is dementia, a set of symptoms marked by profound memory loss and impaired thinking. Thanks to a lot of research and public education, most people are aware that dementia is not an inevitable part of growing older. In fact, it is most often the result of a specific illness, Alzheimer's disease, that strikes many-but by no means all-people in their senior years. The bottom line is that aging does not necessarily lead to "senility," unless Alzheimer's or some other disease is present."
http://www.memorylossonline.com/pastissues/summer2000/vasculardementia.html

Vascular dementia: diagnosis, management and possible prevention

"Developments in the past three decades have led to a radical rethinking of the association between cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and dementia, and set the stage for a reconceptualisation of dementia from vascular causes. We will review recent developments in the concept of vascular dementia (VaD), and discuss its importance as a common, and potentially preventable, form of dementia."
http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/jan18/sachdev/sachdev.html

Vascular Dementia: Caregiving Challenges

"
http://memory.ucsf.edu/Caregivers/vd.html

Vascular Dementia

"Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD). The condition is not a single disease; it is a group of syndromes relating to different vascular mechanisms. Vascular dementia is preventable; therefore, early detection and an accurate diagnosis are important."
http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic3150.htm

Vascular Dementia: Symptoms, Prognosis, and Support

"Vascular dementia can occur quite suddenly or progress slowly over time, and the varying aspects of this disease can prove quite challenging for a caregiver. It can often occur with Alzheimer’s disease, which further complicates its progression."
http://www.helpguide.org/elder/vascular_dementia.htm

Vascular Dementia

"Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia, accounting for about 20 per cent of all cases by itself and up to another 20 per cent in combination with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease alone accounts for about 50 per cent."
http://www.zarcrom.com/users/alzheimers/odem/d4.html

What is vascular dementia?

"The term ‘dementia’ is used to describe the symptoms that occur when the
brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer’s
disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may have difficulties
remembering, solving problems or concentrating. Vascular dementia is a
type of dementia caused by problems in the supply of blood in the brain."

Small vessel disease related dementia

"This type of dementia, also known as sub-cortical vascular dementia or, in
a severe form, Binswanger’s disease, is caused by damage to tiny blood
vessels that lie deep in the brain. The symptoms develop more gradually
and are often accompanied by walking problems."
http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/Facts_about_dementia/What_is_dementia/info_vascular.htm

WHAT IS SMALL VESSEL DISEASE?

Small, and often unrecognised, strokes involving the white matter of the
frontal regions of the brain can produce a clinical syndrome of mild to moderate or severe cognitive impairment and recurrent falling due to gait and balance disturbances.
http://www.ruralhealth.utas.edu.au/falls/docs/small-vessel-disease-frank.pdf

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Internet links:

Alzheimer Research Forum (perhaps the best source for AD info I've found on the Internet)
http://www.alzforum.org/

News reports of research into Alzheimer's disease. (An excellent collection of AD articles found on the Web)
http://www.memory-key.com/Seniors/Alzheimers%20news.htm

Dr. McDougall's Health and Medical Center
http://www.drmcdougall.com/

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Home Preface Brain Failure Notes References pg. 1 References pg. 2
Nutritional Alternatives Patricia's Protocol

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A note about the links in this site:

The Internet is alive. From time to time, Web page administrators will change links to pages, move things around, and delete stuff. This can be very frustrating to a person viewing a page like this one since if the author does not continuously update his site and check all the links, interesting, useful and important information may no longer be available. Sometimes, old copies of what used to be at a Web site are archived at [give like, “waybackmachine”?] or Google sometimes has a "cache" copy when you do a search.

You can reach me by mai|ing to "ad", at this domain.

Updated: November 6, 2008
Inception: June 5, 2006